An Annexin V-PI apoptosis detection kit (Vazyme Biotech Co. Ltd., China) was used in a manner similar to that of a previous description [22 (link), 23 (link)] to detect apoptosis. Thereafter, fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was utilized to count the stained cells using CellQuest software (BD Biosciences, USA) connected to a Calibur flow cytometer. A TUNEL FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (Vazyme Biotech Co. Ltd., China) was used, as instructed by the manufacturer, to conduct TUNEL staining. Immunofluorescence was observed using a Nikon ECLIPSE E800 fluorescence microscope.
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