Anti-influenza IgG, IgG1, and IgG2c humoral responses were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as previously described (4 (link)). Briefly, ELISA plates (Immulon) were coated with 100 ng of inactivated influenza virus. Serially diluted mouse serum samples were added to the wells, and bound immunoglobulins were detected with the appropriate secondary antibody (goat anti-mouse IgG [1:10,000, Sigma-Aldrich], rat anti-mouse IgG1 [1:2,000, SouthernBiotech], or goat anti-mouse IgG2c [1:4,000, SouthernBiotech]. A titer was designated as the serum dilution corresponding to the inflection point of the plot of the optical density vs. dilution of serum. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers in sera samples were determined by SRI International (Harrisburg, VA).