Initial Cell Attachment on Titanium

After 2 days of culture of the MG-63 cells, hPDLSCs, and BM-MSCs at a density of 10⁴ cells/well, cell staining using an actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion staining kit (Catalog Number FAK100, Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA) was conducted following the instructions provided by the manufacturer. Microscopy was performed with a fluorescent microscope (Revolve4 RVL-100-G, Echo, San Diego, CA, USA) at different magnifications (10×, 20×, 40×). Cell culture time considerations were based on a previous study investigating cell attachment by fluorescence microscopy [27 (link)] and aimed to detect only the initial attachment of cells to Ti surfaces.