Ethical Mouse Handling Protocols

All procedures involving the handling of living mice were performed in strict accordance with the German Animal Protection Law, and were approved by the Regional Office for Health and Social Services in Berlin (Landesamt für Gesundheit und Soziales, Berlin, Germany, Permit Number G0164/19, X9005/18, A0376/17). Adult mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation or by transcardial perfusion of PBS or PFA after intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (Narcoren, Merial GmbH, Hallbergmoos, Germany). All efforts were made to minimize suffering. Similarly, all mice used at Washington University were performed under an approved Animal Studies protocol.