Extraction and amplification of messenger RNA (mRNA) followed Zhang and Gurunathan.13 (link) According to the manufacturer’s instructions, total RNA was extracted from treated and untreated cells using a Dynabeads mRNA Direct kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was conducted using Vill7 (Applied Biosystems, OR, USA) and SYBR green as the double-stranded DNA-specific fluorescent dye (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Target gene-expression levels were normalized to GAPDH gene expression, which was unaffected by Cis, rGO-AgNPs, or Cis plus rGO-AgNP treatment. The real-time qRT-PCR primer sets are shown in Table 1. Real-time qRT-PCR was performed independently in triplicate for each of the different samples, and data are presented as mean values of gene-expression levels measured in the treated samples versus the controls.