All infected and uninfected tissues were dissociated by collagenase digestion as described previously 40 (link). Cell suspensions were stained and analyzed by flow cytometry. The following antibodies were used for cell surface staining: anti-CD11b (clone M1/70), anti-CD11c (clone N418), anti-CD3 (145-2C11), anti-Ly6C (HK1.4), anti-MHCII (M5/114.15.2), anti-CD19 (ebio1D3), anti-NK1.1 (PK136), anti-siglecH (ebio440c), anti-B220 (RA3-6B2), anti-CD4 (GK.5), anti-CD8 (53-6.7) and anti-CD69 (H1.2F3) were purchased from eBioscience, anti-Ly6G (1A8) was obtained from BD Pharmingen, anti-Ly6-B2 antibody (7/4) from AbD Serotec, and CCR2 (475301) from R&D Systems. For intracellular staining: anti-iNOS antibody was purchased from Millipore, and anti-TNF-α (MP6-XT22) was purchased from BD Pharmingen. Cell suspensions from collagenase-digested tissue were stained for cell surface markers and permeabilized using the BD Cytofix/Cytoperm Kit (BD Pharmingen). For detection of intracellular TNF-α, cells were also treated ex vivo with GolgiPlug (BD Pharmingen) for 6 h at 37°C in complete RPMI medium prior to cell surface staining and stained according to the manufacturers instructions. Acquisitions were performed with a BD LSRII, and data were analyzed with the FlowJo software.