Total protein synthesis was measured as previously described (25 (link)). Briefly, wild-type (eIF2α-WT) or S51A mutant eIF2α (eIF2α-S51A) stable transfected cells were seeded in six-well plates, serum starved for 16 h and then deprived of methionine and cysteine for an additional 2 h using DMEM without the above amino acids (Gibco). Cells were then treated with 10% serum containing 10 μCi ml-1 of 35S-Met/Cys (Perkin Elmer). Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer and protein concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce). Equal amounts of protein were separated by SDS/PAGE or an aliquot of lysate was trichloroacetic acid-precipitated and counted in a scintillation counter (Beckman Coulter).