The AGS3 polyclonal antibody has been described previously and was kindly provided Dr. D. Ma (15 (link)). The commercial antibodies used as follows: LC3B antibody (L7543), β-actin-peroxidase antibody (A3854) [Sigma-Aldrich]; LAMP-1 (1D4B), LAMP-2 (H4B4), and CD-63/LAMP-3 (H5C6) antibodies [Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank]; TGN-46 (ab16059) and LAMP-1 (ab25630) [Abcam]; cathepsin D (sc-6486) [Santa Cruz]; Akt (11E7), phospho-Akt (Ser473) (D9E), TSC2 (D93F12), phospho-TSC2 (Thr 1462) (5B12), 4E-BP1 (53H11), phospho-4E-BP1 (Thr37/46) (236B4), p70 S6 kinase (49D7), phospho-p70 S6 kinase (Thr389) (108D2) and GAPDH (14C10) [Cell Signaling]; and TFEB antibody (A303-672A) [Bethyl Laboratories]. The following reagents were used phorbol12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) [Sigma-Aldrich]; bafilomycin A1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitor VIII [Calbiochem]; G418 sulfate [Cellgro]; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [Enzo Life Sciences]; Staphylococcus aureus (Wood strain without protein A) BioParticles, Escherichia coli (K-12 strain) BioParticles and DQ-Red BSA [Molecular Probes].