Fifth-passage RIFs were cultured in α-MEM (without phenol red; Gibco) without FBS for 24 hours. Supernatants were collected and filtered with MILLEX-GP 0.22-μm filters (Merck Millipore Ltd. Co., Cork, Munster, Ireland) to remove cell debris and concentrated to 1% volume with Amicon Ultra-4 centrifugal ultrafiltration tubes (NMWL 3KDa) (Merck Millipore Ltd. Co.) for use as conditioned medium (CM).
The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and activated TGF-β1 in CM was detected by ELISA kits (R&D Systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions and assessed by densitometry analysis as previously described56 (link).
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