Antibodies used for western blotting include TGFBR2 (Santa Cruz #sc-400, 1:1000), SMAD3 (Santa Cruz #sc-8332, 1:1000), SMAD4 (Santa Cruz #sc-1909-R, 1:1000), phosphor-SMAD3 (Cell Signaling Technology #9520, 1:2000), and GAPDH (ORIGENE #TA802519, 1:5000). The method of western blot was described in detail in ref. 22 (link).
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