iPSCs were differentiated into kidney organoids following the previously published protocol by Freedman et al. (5 (link)) (Figure 1B). Briefly, iPSCs were dissociated with 1:3 Accutase and plated onto 24-well plates precoated with 0.5% GelTrex in mTeSR1 supplemented with 10 μM Y-27632 ROCK Inhibitor (STEMCELL Technologies). After 24 hours, another layer of GelTrex at 1.5% was added in mTeSR1 media. At the end of day 4, the medium was replaced with Advanced RPMI (Gibco) supplemented with 12 μM CHIR-99021 and 10 ng/ml noggin (STEMCELL Technologies). Approximately 60 hours later, the medium was changed to Advanced RPMI with B27 (Gibco). Organoids were cultured in this medium until collection at day 25.