Protein was extracted from liver tissue or cell cultures, as described53 (link). Monoclonal rabbit anti-mouse ATF3 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Shanghai, China), phos-mTOR, mTOR, phos-p70S6K, p70S6K, HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, HIF-1α, PHD1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, and β-actin Abs (Cell Signaling Technology, San Diego, CA) were used. The relative quantities of proteins were determined by densitometer, and expressed in absorbance units (AU).
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