All analyses of metabolites were performed by using a capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS) system (Agilent 7100 CE and 6210 TOFMS system, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) according to previous studies33 (link)34 (link)35 (link)36 (link). Metabolites were analyzed using a fused silica capillary (i.d. 50 μm × 80 cm), with commercial electrophoresis buffer as run and rinse buffer (product number H3301-1001 for cation analysis and I3302–1023 for anion analysis; Human Metabolome Technologies). The sample was injected at a pressure of 50 mbar for 10 sec for the cation analysis, and at 50 mbar for 25 sec for the anion analysis. The TOFMS detected mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 50–1000. In addition, analysis of clam metabolites was carried out by Human Metabolome Technology Inc. (Yamagata, Japan), and lipids in the samples were not removed because those did not affect CE-TOFMS analysis.
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