Facial Landmark Measurement Protocol using 3D Modeling

The maxillary and mandibular composite models were matched using bone tissue and 3D scanned tooth models, aligned into a common coordinate system, and then the facial soft-tissue model was also imported into ProPlan CMF 3.0 software (Materialise, Belgium). The measurements presented in our study were similar to those obtained using the method described by Ma, Zhigui [20 (link)]. The measurement system was described as follows: (1) The Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane was defined through the right and left orbitale (Or) and the midpoint of the bilateral porion (Po); (2) The midsagittal reference plane was defined as the plane perpendicular to the horizontal plane passing through the nasion and sella, and then adjusted through the mirror function; (3) The B, Go, Po, Pog, and Pog* points were marked on each side (Figure 2). The definitions of the measurements used in this study are listed in Table 1.