Lamina propria cells from colonic tissue were harvested as before8 (link). For intracellular cytokine staining, cells were stimulated using the eBioscience cell stimulation cocktail for 4 h at 37 °C. Cells were fixed and permeabilized using the Biolegend fixation and permeabilization buffer. The following antibodies (clones) were used for staining: CD45 (30-F11), CD19 (6D5), CD11b (M1/70), CD90.2 (53–2.1), CD3 (145–2C11), TCR-β (H57–597), CD4 (RM4–5), CD8 (53–6.7), Gr-1 (RB6–8C5), MHCII (M5/114.15.2), CD11c (N418), CD103 (2E7), IFN-γ (XMG1.2) from Biolegend and IL-22 (1H8PWSR), and IL-13 (eBio13A) from eBioscience. All samples were blocked with Fc block (TruStainfcx) and stained with a fixable live dead stain (Invitrogen). FlowJo v.10 was used to analyze flow cytometry data. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) were harvested by incubation at 37°C with 2mM DTT (Sigma) followed by two incubations with 5mM EDTA and then digested with Dispase (Sigma) and DNase (Sigma). IECs were sorted as PICD45EpCam+ using the following antibody clones: CD45 (30-F11) and EpCam (G8.8) from Biolegend on an FACSAria II (BD Biosciences). Purity of IECs was ≥ 95%.