Paraquat (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA), A23187, and ionomycin (Calbiochem/Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) were used at the indicated concentrations. Phorbol myristic acid (Calbiochem) was used at 1 μM. CCCP, antimycin A, valinomycin, and bafilomycin A1 were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) and used at final concentrations of 20 μM, 40 μg/ml, 10 μM, and 100 nM, respectively. Staurosporine (Tocris Biosciences, Bristol, UK) was used at 2 μM. Mff and Mfn1 antibodies were described previously (Gandre-Babbe and van der Bliek, 2008 (link); Tanaka et al., 2010 (link)). The following antibodies were purchased: FLAG (Genescript, Piscataway, NJ), HA (Roche, Basel, Switzerland), Tom20, Tom40, Parkin, and normal mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA), calnexin and Drp1 (BD Transduction Laboratories, Franklin Lakes, NJ), p62 (Abnova, Taipei City, Taiwan), porin (MitoSciences, Eugene, OR), LC3B (Sigma-Aldrich), Fis1 (Alexis Biochemicals and Proteintech, Farmingdale, NY), α-tubulin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and actin (Sigma-Aldrich). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were generated against polypeptide fragments of C. elegans DRP-1 protein and used along with other antibodies to probe blots of C. elegans extracts as described previously (Head et al., 2011 (link)).