ATP, Ultrapure LPS, colchicine, nocodazole, MDP, Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and doxycycline were obtained from Sigma. Imject Alum was obtained from Thermo. Nigericin, flagellin, poly (dA:dT) and vinblastine were obtained from Enzo. iE-DAP was obtained from Invivogen. MSU crystals and cholesterol crystals were made as described46 (link)47 (link): cholesterol (Sigma) dissolved in 95% ethanol (12.5 g l−1) was heated to 60 °C, filtered through filter paper and left at room temperature to allow crystallization; 8 g of uric acid (Sigma) was dissolved in 1,600 ml of boiling water containing 49 ml NaOH, and then PH was adjusted to 7.2, and crystals were formed by gradual cooling down. DOTAP (Roche), TransIT/LT1 (MirusBio), and TransIT/TKO (MirusBio) were used as transfection reagents. Mitotracker Red, Mitotracker Deep Red FM, TubulinTracker Green, Hoechst 33342, DAPI were obtained from Invitrogen. CytoTox 96 non-radioactive cytotoxicity assay (Promega) was used to measure lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as an indication of cell viability following manufacturer’s instruction.
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