Chlorophyll was extracted and quantified as described previously (Wang et al. 2022 (link)). Total fluorescence in leaves was measured using a portable modulated chlorophyll fluorometer (model OS1-FL) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Opti-Sciences, Tyngsboro, MA). The variable and maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of individual leaves was quantified directly using the fluorometer’s module 9 program (He and Gan 2002 (link)).
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