For cell culture experimentation, 25 g of dried tea powder were extracted with water for 30 min at 80 °C and then freeze-dried into powder after filtering. The tea extracts were stored at −80 °C and diluted by PBS until use.
Chemical profiling analysis was performed according to previous methods [49 (link),50 (link)]. Briefly, freeze-dried tea leaves were individually ground to fine powders using precooled mortar and pestle. Following lyophilization, 30 mg (±0.5 mg) of ground samples were weighed and 1.2 mL of 70% (v/v) methanol was added for metabolite extraction. Samples were vortexed, sonicated at 25 °C for 20 min and centrifuged (10 min, 12,000 g). Supernatants were diluted 50-fold with 70% (v/v) methanol, filtered through a 0.22 µm PVDF filter (Millipore) and stored at −20 °C until analyzed. Three biological sample replicates were prepared for each tea types.