Alginate-Based Antimicrobial Biomaterial Development

Sodium alginate (SA) (from brown algae) (Mol. Wt. 120,000–190,000, viscosity: 5 to 25 cps, M/G ratio: 1.56), glycerol (Gly). PBS tablets, CaCl₂ granules (anhydrous), pen-strep solution (containing 10,000 penicillin units and 10 mg of streptomycin per mL), cellulose acetate membranes (0.45 μm, 25 mm), MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide), polystyrene petri dishes (10 cm × 20 mm), and gentamicin sulfate were procured from MilliporeSigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). MRC-5 cells (ATCC CCL-171) were cultured in RPMI-1640 culture medium supplemented with FBS (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan). Three bacterial strains S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. coli (ATCC 8739), and P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) were all cultured in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and Agar (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA). Arabinoxylan (AX), containing Xylp (72.5%), Araf (21.8%), Rhap (2.3%), and uronic acids (1.4%) was isolated from Plantago ovata (PO) seeds husk (Mol. Wt. 364,470) as reported previously [31 (link),32 (link)].