The bacteria used in this study, which were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Virginia, USA), the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (Leibniz Institute, Braunschweig, Germany), or Keio Collection, Japan [51 (link)], were as follows: Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 4181, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 and 19606, Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, BW25113, BW25113 ΔsbmA [51 (link)], and O18K1H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and 700603, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and PAO1, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia ATCC 13637. Overnight cultures of each strain were diluted 1:30 in fresh Mueller–Hinton broth (MHB; Difco) and incubated at 37 °C with shaking (140 rpm) for approximately 2 h (mid-log phase) until an optical density (OD) of ≈ 0.3 at 600 nm was achieved. E. coli BW25113 ΔsbmA was grown in MHB with the addition of 50 μg/mL kanamycin (Sigma, Milan, Italy).
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