Transwell migration and invasion assays were performed as described in Okimoto et al.35 (link) Briefly, 8-μm-pore Matrigel coated (invasion) or non-coated (migration) Transwell inserts (BD Biosciences) were added at the top of a Transwell chamber filled with 10% FBS, RPMI media. To each insert, 2.4 × 104 cells in serum-free media were added. The Transwell chambers were incubated for 20 hrs at 37 °C in the incubator. Cells that did not migrate through the pore or invade the matrigel were scraped off; the membranes were fixed in methanol for 15 min and then stained with crystal violet for 30 min. The surface of the membrane was imaged in 5 distinct fields, with a Zeiss Axioplan II immunofluorescent microscope at 10×. Invasion and migration were assessed counting the average imaged cells in the 5 regions. Results presented are from three independent experiments.