A total of 110 non-duplicated E. coli clinical isolates were collected from 110 different patients in various departments (gastroenterology, endocrinology, neurosurgery, and other wards) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, Sichuan, China from 2015 to 2016. Isolates were identified using standard laboratory methods and the ATB New system (bioMérieux, Lyons, France). Each isolate was further verified by PCR amplification of a 369-bp internal control region from the E. coli marker gene alr [90 (link)]. All strains were stored at − 80 °C and bacteria were grown on MacConkey Agar (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK).
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