The infusate Vd within the brain was determined using commercial image analysis software (BrainLab). A threshold pixel value was determined for the galbumin signal, with signal above the threshold semi-automatically segmented (iPlan, Smartbrush, BrainLab).14 (link),24 (link) The Vd could be calculated from the galbumin-segmented image mask at any given timepoint by correlating time-stamped MR images with time-registered Vi and infusion rates. Target coverage (T) and infusate containment (C) were calculated using published criteria.24 (link)