ERGs were recorded as previously described (Williamson et al., 2010 (link)). In brief, female flies were immobilized with nontoxic Glue-All (Elmer’s). Recording and reference electrodes containing 2 M NaCl were placed on the fly’s corneal surface and inserted into the thorax, respectively. Voltage measurements were filtered through an electrometer (IE-210; Warner Instruments), digitized with a Digidata 1440A and MiniDigi 1B system (Molecular Devices), and recorded using Clampex (version 10.2; Axon Instruments). 1-s light pulses were provided by a computer-controlled white light-emitting diode system (MC1500; Schott). Eight ERG traces from at least eight individual flies of each genotype were used for quantification with Clampfit software (Axon Instruments).