Protein fractionation, transfer and immuno-detection were performed as described (Dalla Rosa et al., 2014 (link)), with some modifications. Muscle and liver samples were prepared as previously described (Cooper et al., 2003 (link)). Cells were lysed on ice in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 0.1% n-dodecyl β-d-maltoside (DDM), 1% SDS, 1 × protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche), 50 U Benzonase® and phosphatase inhibitor complexes (Cell signalling), or in RIPA buffer containing 1× protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Protein concentration was measured by Lowry assay (DC Reagent, Bio-Rad) or BCA assay, and 10 μg of lysate analysed per lane. Primary antibodies were: mouse anti-GAPDH (1:20 000, Abcam), mouse anti-NDUFB8 (1:1000, Abcam), mouse anti-COX II (1:2000, Abcam), mouse anti-VDAC1 (Porin) (1:10000, Merck), rabbit anti-ATAD3 (1:60 000, gift from John Walker), rabbit anti-SREBF2 (1:1000, Abcam), rabbit anti-CES-1 (1:2000, Proteintech).
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