Physcomitrella patens subspecies patens (Hedwig) Bruch & Schimp. WT strain “Gransden 2004”, used for genome sequencing32 (link), provided the genetic background for the generation of ΔPpSCRM1 mutants (“Gransden 2004”, Freiburg) and ‘Villersexel’ the genetic background for the generation of ΔPpSMF1 mutants (Sheffield), and “Gransden D12” was the background for production of the ΔPpSMF2 mutants. P. patens was grown axenically on BCDAT medium33 (link) supplemented with 1 mM calcium chloride and overlaid with cellophane discs (AA Packaging, UK), in 9 cm Petri dishes sealed with Micropore tape (3M) in Sanyo MLR incubators under continuous light (140 μmol m−2 s−1) at 25 °C34 (link). P. patens (Freiburg) was grown in liquid or on solid (12 g/L purified agar (OXOID, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)) supplemented Knop medium35 (link),36 (link) and cultivated at 23 °C under a 16-hour light and 8-hour dark cycle37 (link). Sporophyte development was induced according to ref38 (link).