Total RNA was extracted with the RNA Extraction kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China), and the concentrations were measured with the NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA). The cDNA was synthesized using the RevertAid Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR; Platinum® qPCR SuperMix-UDG, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was performed by a CFX96 Touch qPCR System (Bio-Rad, CA, USA) as previously described [23 (link)], using specific sets of primers/probes for genes of interest (Supplementary Table 1). Gene expressions were assessed in relation to the levels of β-actin.
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