BAs in plasma, feces, and liver tissue were measured. Detailed analytical methods are provided in the Supplementary Materials. BAs were quantified using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) in combination with multiple reactions monitoring methods on the ACQUITY UPLC system (Waters). All calibration standard solutions were mixed at appropriate concentrations and analyzed every 10 samples for quality control.
BAs were divided into four groups according to the degree of conjugation,8 including (a) unconjugated PBAs: UDCA, α MCA, β MCA, CA, and CDCA; (b) conjugated PBAs: tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), tauro‐β‐muricholic acid (T‐β‐MCA), tauro‐α‐muricholic acid (T‐α‐MCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), and taurocholic acid (TCA); (c) unconjugated SBAs: DCA, LCA, hyocholic acid (HCA), and ω MCA; and (d) conjugated SBAs: taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), taurohyocholic acid (THCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), and tauro‐ω‐muricholic acid (T‐ω‐MCA).
BAs were divided into four groups according to the degree of conjugation,
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