Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) (ATCC, Manassas, VA) were maintained in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (Corning, Manassas, VA), supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL) and 1% of antibiotics/antimycotics mixture (Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) at 37°C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity. Cells were seeded onto 40 mm diameter glass cover slips inside 60 mm petri dishes at a cell density of 3.6 x 104 cells/cm2 and grown to confluence. Based on previous studies which treated lung epithelial or endothelial cells with 0.1 to 100μM Simvastatin [29 (link), 31 (link)–33 (link)], in this study, A549 cells were incubated with 2.5 to 50μM Simvastatin (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) in supplemented media for 16–17 hours prior to each experiment and untreated cells were used as controls.