Total cell lysates or pull-downs were Western blotted using routine procedures. The primary antibodies used were anti-Rac (Cell Signaling), anti-Cdc42 (Abcam), anti-PAK1+PAK2+PAK3 (Cell Signaling), anti-pPAK1 (T423)/PAK2 (T402) (Abcam), Anti-PAK1 + PAK2 + PAK3 (phospho T423) (Abcam), and β -actin (Millipore-Sigma). Actin was used as a control; the Rac/Cdc42 inhibitors do not affect total actin expression, only its polymerization and organization of the cytoskeleton (23 (link)).