DNA extraction from S. pneumoniae isolates was carried out by alkaline lysis as described previously [16 (link)]. For DNA extraction from whole blood, initial pretreatment of the samples was performed as described elsewhere [17 (link)]. Briefly, 100 μL of whole-blood EDTA was added to 100 μL of Tris-EDTA buffer containing 75 U/mL of mutanolysin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO), and the mixture was incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. DNA extraction was then carried out with the DNeasy 96 Blood & Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Venlo, the Netherlands), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.