Normal human astrocytes (NHA) were purchased from ScienceCell Research Laboratories (USA) and cultured in Astrocyte Medium (ScienCell Research Laboratories, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Welgene, Korea). GBM patient-derived GSC11 and GSC23 were obtained from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.22 (link) GSCs were maintained using neurobasal medium (NBE, serum-free Neurobasal media supplemented with basic FGF and EGF). NBE conditions were as follows: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12 (Welgene) was supplemented with 2% B27 (50×) (Gibco), 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Welgene), epidermal growth factor (EGF; 20 ng/mL; R&D Systems, USA), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; 20 ng/mL; R&D Systems). Serum-free conditions were as follows: Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM)/F12 (Welgene) was supplemented with 5% UltraGROTM–Advanced Cell Culture Supplement (AventaCell) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Welgene).