pVNS was performed as pervious described [24 (link)]. Mice were under anesthesia with 6% induction sevoflurane (Covertrus, Dublin, OH, USA) then were placed on a heatpad (39 °C) with nose-cone delivered 3–5% sevoflurane to maintain general anesthesia. Pulse-oximetry (MouseSTAT Jr.; Kent Scientific Corporation, Torrington, CT) was applied to monitor the real time heart rate. VNS approach under ultrasound guidance and non-invasive pulse oximetry monitoring ascertain the effects of vagus stimulation on sympathetic activity (0.2–1mA to achieve 90% bradycardia threshold, 20 Hz, 0.3 ms/pulse biphasic).
Protocol detail
Non-Invasive Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Mice
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Anesthesia
Cone
General anesthesia
Heart rate
Mice
Nose
Pervious
Pulse
Pulse oximetry
Sevoflurane
Ultrasound
Vagus stimulation
Corresponding Organization : Duke University Hospital
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Variable analysis
independent variables
- Vagus nerve stimulation (pVNS) parameters: 0.2-1 mA to achieve 90% bradycardia threshold, 20 Hz, 0.3 ms/pulse biphasic
- Sympathetic activity
- Anesthesia: 6% induction sevoflurane, then 3-5% sevoflurane to maintain general anesthesia
- Body temperature: Mice placed on a heatpad (39 °C)
- Physiological monitoring: Pulse-oximetry to monitor heart rate in real-time
- Positive control: Not specified
- Negative control: Not specified
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