Archived normal and tumour tissue biopsy slides were obtained from a subset of study participants (n=30) following approval by the Tissue and Archive Committee (Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre). Antigen retrieval was performed with citrate buffer and slides were subsequently incubated with pre-immune serum or anti-OATP1B3 polyclonal antibody (1 : 200) followed by an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase assay and developed using an AEC (3-Amino-9-ethylcarbazole) staining kit (Sigma-Aldrich) using a modified protocol (Lee et al, 2008 (link)). Nuclei were counterstained using Mayer's haematoxylin (Sigma-Aldrich). Scoring for OATP1B3 expression in normal, normal adjacent, and tumour tissue was performed independently by one pathologist (JP). Staining intensity for OATP1B3 was defined and evaluated using the following semi-quantitative previously published method: (0) no staining, (1) weakly positive, (2) moderately positive, and (3) strongly positive (Lee et al, 2008 (link)).