Cells were washed with prechilled PBS and homogenized in TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). mRNA was extracted according to manufacturer's protocol followed by cDNA synthesis using MultiScribe Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen) and qPCR using StepOne Real-Time PCR Systems (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Predeveloped probes for Tnf (Mm00443258_m1), Il1b (Mm00434228_m1), Il6 (Mm00446190_m1), Ccl2 (Mm00441242_m1), and Hprt1 (Mm01545399_m1) (all from Applied Biosystems) were used for mRNA analyses. Threshold cycle values for each sample were used to calculate the number of cell equivalents using the standard curve method.11 (link) The data were normalized to the housekeeping Hprt1 mRNA levels and expressed as percentage change of the control group.
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