The optical density of each culture at 620nm was measured with a Thermo Scientific Multiskan FC microplate spectrophotometer, following the end of each growth period27 (link). To measure the fractions of each population, at the end of each growth period a portion of cells from each well (typically 5 μL, unless the low density conditions made it necessary to transfer larger volumes) was transferred to a new plate containing 200μL sterile Cellgro PBS buffer (Mediatech, VA). These samples were then analyzed at a BD LSRIIHTS flow cytometer operating in high throughput (HT) mode, where we determined the ratio between the producer and freeloader strains, distinguished by their fluorescence emissions 36 (link). Given the total density and the strain ratio, the densities of the producer and freeloader populations were readily calculated.