The density of planktonic cells was quantified by direct cell counting as described previously (Igarashi et al., 2020 (link)). Briefly, during cultivation, 100 μL of culture was periodically sampled with a disposable syringe. The sample was mixed with a LIVE/DEAD BacLightTM Bacterial Viability Kit and then cells were directly counted using a bacterial counting chamber and a BX50 optical microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
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