The polyphenolic composition in the DE was analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (Waters Scientific Ltd., Mississauga, ON, Canada) using a YMC-Triart C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm, YMC, Kyoto, Japan). The mobile phase was water and acetonitrile containing 0.2% formic acid, the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min, and the injection volume was 10 μL. The measurement wavelength was 260 nm for gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and rutin; 310 nm for chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and apigenin; and 365 nm for quercetin and kaempferol [21 (link)].
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