Alkaline phosphate (ALP) staining was performed using a Fast Red substrate kit (Nichirei Biosciences Inc., Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s protocol as described previously (Yamasaki et al. 2014 (link)). Images of the dish were taken utilizing LUMIX (Panasonic, Osaka, Japan) and assessed for positive area using ImageJ (Abramoff et al. 2004 ). The reprogramming efficiency was determined as the number of ALP-positive colonies per total number of infected cells.
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