Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to determine T-cell immune responses using peptide stimulated PBMC as previously described.23 (link) One million PBMC were stained for each condition (DMSO, PMA/Ionomycin, or peptide(s)) for 10–14 hours. PBMC were stained with the following antibodies: Live/Dead Yellow (Invitrogen®, Catalog #:L34959), CD3-APC (BD Biosciences, clone SP34-2, Catalog #: 551916), CD4-PerCP Cy5.5 (BD BioSciences, clone L200, Catalog #: 551980), CD8 APC-Cy7 (BD Biosciences, clone RPA-T8, Catalog #: 55760), IFNγ-BV650 (BioLegend, clone 4S.B3, Catalog #: 502537), IL-2-PE (BioLegend, clone MQ1-17H12, Catalog #: 500307), TNFα-PECy7 (BD Biosciences, clone Mab11, Catalog #: 557647), CD107a-FITC (BD Biosciences, clone H4A3, Catalog #: 555800). Cells were fixed in 1% paraformaldehyde and acquired using an LSR II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences) and the data analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Inc.). Samples were considered positive if peptide-specific responses were at least twice that of the negative control plus at least 0.01% after background subtraction.