Arabidopsis FPG cDNA, a gift from Scott Kathe and Susan Wallace, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT (31 (link)), was subcloned into pET30b expression vector (Novagen) using XhoI and XbaI sites. Expression was carried out in E. coli BL21 (DE3) dcm Codon Plus cells (Stratagene) induced during 2 h by adding 1 mM isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactopyranoside. His-FPG was purified by affinity chromatography on a Ni2+-Sepharose column (HisTrap HP; GE Healthcare). Protein was eluted with a 60 mM to 1 M gradient of imidazole and analyzed by SDS/PAGE (10%) using broad-range molecular weight standards (Bio-Rad). Protein concentration was determined by the Bradford assay. His-ZDP, MBP-ZDP, and His-ARP were expressed and purified as previously described (23 (link), 25 (link)).