Pressure–volume loop analysis was performed in mice according to the method described previously22 (link). A microtip 1.4 F catheter (SPR-839, Millar Instruments, Houston, TX) was inserted into the right carotid artery of mice. The arterial pressure was recorded and the catheter was advanced to LV guided by pressure tracing. The signals of pressure and volume were continually recorded by using a conductance system (MPVS Ultra, emka TECHNOLOGIES, Paris, France) coupled to a digital converter (ML-870, AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO). LVEF was derived from the pressure–volume diagram.
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