Cells or tissues were homogenized in RIPA buffer with protease and phosphatase inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics, IN). Thirty micrograms of protein resolved by SDS-PAGE was immunoblotted as previously described (15 (link)). Membranes were probed with the following antibodies: α-tubulin (2144), β-actin (47778), AMPK (2603), p-AMPK (T172; 2535), HSF1 (4356), p-AKT (S473; 4060), p-AKT (T308; 2965), AKT (9272), p-mTOR (S2448; 2971), mTOR (2972), p-p70SK (T389; 9206), p70SK (9202), p-S6R (S240/244; 5364), S6R (2217), p-4E-BP1 (T37/46; 2855), p-CAD (S1859; 12662), p-GSK3 (S9/21; 9336), 4E-BP1(S65; 9451), Pten (9559), p-PDK1 (S241; 3438), p-ERK (4370), 4E-BP1(T70; 9455), and 4E-BP1 (9452) (Cell Signaling Technology), α-tubulin (5286), HSF1 (13516) and ERK (sc-94) (Santa Cruz Biotech) and c-Myc (790–4628) (Hoffmann La Roche).