Abdominal Fat Distribution and Glucose Metabolism

Data were analyzed using the SPSS software package (version 24.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were presented as means ± standard deviation (SD) for normal distribution or median with interquartile ranges for non-normal distribution. Categorical variables were presented as frequency (percentages). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normal distribution of continuous variables. The χ² test, one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test were used to compare differences in categorical or continuous variables across the four groups, as appropriate. Relationships between abdominal fat distribution and β-cell function were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation analysis. All the covariates were tested for collinearity; the tolerance was > 0.1, and variance inflation factor did not > 5.0. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess the association of abdominal fat distribution with insulin secretion and sensitivity. A p value < 0.05 (two-sided) was considered as statistically significant.