We assessed socio-demographic characteristics for men and women, including, age, current marital status, and education. All studies except Indashyikirwa in Rwanda asked whether participants had worked in the past three months. Food insecurity was assessed using the three questions of the Household Hunger Scale [20 ]: in the past four weeks, how often was there no food to eat of any kind in your house because of a lack of money?; how often did you or any member of your household go to sleep hungry because of a lack of food?; how often did you or any of your household go a whole day and night without eating because of lack of food? The latter question was asked in all studies except Rwanda. The items were recoded as none / little, moderate and severe. This is an easy-to-use, well-validated measure [20 ]. Three level and binary measures of food insecurity were derived from the mean value of the three food insecurity items. As recommended by the scale developers, the following cut-offs were used for the 3-level food insecurity measure: 0 to 0.7 = no / little food insecurity; > = 0.7 to 1.7 = moderate food insecurity; > = 1.8 to 3.0 = severe food insecurity [20 ]. For the binary exposure, we combined moderate and severe food insecurity. The measures of IPV and NPSV are described in Table 2. We did not ask about NPSV in Rwanda because it was not a target of the intervention, nor in Afghanistan because of concerns about the particular sensitivity of the questions in that context.
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