Comprehensive Cell Proliferation and Migration Assays

Cell proliferation kit (XTT) (Roche, Indianapolis, IN, USA) was used to measure cell viability according to the manufacturer's manual [50 (link)]. Focus formation assay was performed as a more long-term proliferation assay and soft agar assay was performed to detect cell anchorage-independent growth ability. Wound healing assay and a Cell Migration Assay kit (MILLIPORE, Cat. No. ECM508) were used to detect cell migration ability. Quantification of cell invasion was performed using QCM™ 24-Well Colorimetric Cell Invasion Assay Kit (Chemicon International, Temecula, CA, USA). All experiments were done in triplicates and results were presented as the mean ± SD.