Macrophage inflammatory assay were carried out to evaluate whether CPPAIF displayed anti-inflammation potential [22 (link),23 (link),24 (link)]. In this experiment, macrophage (Raw264.7) cells were seeded in 96-well plates (5 × 105 cells/mL) and allowed to attach overnight. After attachment, cells were incubated with various concentrations of CPPAIF for 1 h and followed by stimulation with 1 μg/mL of LPS (lipopolysaccharide). No LPS-added cells were considered as control groups. After incubation, the amount of TNF-α and IL-6 in the medium were analyzed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (# KHC3011 and #EH2IL6, Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA, USA). Cell viability was measured by AlamarBlue cell viability assay (BUF012B, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
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