The synthetic DNA templates encoding the amino acid sequences for Rst1, Rst2, ErmBL and YrbA open reading frames (ORFs) were generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AccuPrime Taq DNA Polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The sequences of the primers used for PCR are shown in Supplementary Table S1. The toe-printing analysis of drug-dependent ribosome stalling analysis (Figure 1D, E; Figure S1) was carried out using Rst1, Rst2, ErmBL and YrbA mRNA templates as previously described (15 (link),16 (link)) with minor modifications. Toe-printing reactions were carried out in 5-μl aliquots containing a PURExpress transcription-translation coupled system (New England Biolabs, USA) to which the test template was added (17 (link)). The reactions were incubated at 37°C for 20–25 min. Reverse transcription on the templates was carried out using radioactively labeled primer NV1 (Supplementary Table S1). Primer extension products were resolved on 6% sequencing gels as described previously (18 (link)). The final concentrations of drugs were: 50 μM THR, 50 μM apidaecin (API), 50 μM retapamulin (RET), and 50 μM erythromycin (ERY).