Tumor organoids were isolated from primary tumors as described previously (5 (link)), with the ECM prepared as in (16 (link)). Stromal cells were isolated during the differential centrifugations that are used to separate organoids from the single cells. The supernatant from these centrifugation steps was collected and centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 minutes. The cell pellet was re-suspended in cell depletion buffer (PBS + 2% FCS + 1 mM EDTA), counted and diluted to 1×108 cells/ml. Biotin conjugated antibodies targeting CD326 (EpCAM; G8.8; 2 μg/ml; Biolegend), CD45 (30-F11; 2 μg/ml; Biolegend) and erythroid cells (TER-119; 1 μg/ml; STEMCELL Technologies) were used to deplete epithelial/immune/erythroid cells using the EasySep™ Mouse Streptavidin RapidSpheres™ Isolation Kit (STEMCELL Technologies), per the manufacturer’s instructions. The efficiency of cell depletion was assessed by flow cytometry using standard protocols. Details of this analysis are provided in Supplementary Materials and Methods.